UV/Vis+ Photochemistry Database

Courtesy: Elisabeth Noelle Fund for Scientific Data Exchange (non omnis moriar)

Headerbild

UV/Vis+ Photochemistry Database"

MAS - References

Millimeter wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS)

G.K. Hartmann (PI) Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie (MPAE)

Katlenburg - Lindau, Germany

N. Kämpfer (Co-PI) Institut für Angewandte Physik (IAP)

University Bern, Switzerland

K.F. Künzi (Co-PI) Institut für Umweltphysik (IUP)

University Bremen, Germany

P.R. Schwartz (Co-PI) Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)

Washington D.C., USA

G. Schneppe (Management) Deutsche Agentur für Raumfahrtangelegenheiten

(DARA)Bonn, Germany. Since Oct. 1997 DLR

  Abstract

MAS is a remote sensing instrument for passive sounding of the Earth's atmosphere from the NASA Space Shuttle. Millimeter-wave radiation emitted by the atmosphere in the height range between 10 km and 100 km have been measured at 61, 62, 63, 183, 184, and 204 GHz. MAS yields information about the altitude profile of temperature (T), and pressure (P) as well as for water vapor (H2O), ozone (O3), and chlorine monoxide (ClO) in the stratosphere, and mesosphere, in the latitude range between 72o North and 72o South for an orbit inclination of the Shuttle of 57o. ClO plays the major role in the catalytic, anthropogenic ozone destruction.

Based upon an invitation from the US Space Agency, NASA, MAS was successfully flown as part of ATLAS (Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science) mission 1, (March 24th - April 2nd, 1992) and mission 2 (April 8th - April 17th, 1993). ATLAS 1 and 2 occurred during the flight of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), and MAS supplied important correlative data. During ATLAS-3, which flew from November 3rd till November 14th, 1994, MAS had a failure in its data processing unit after MAS took 10 hours of excellent atmospheric data.

History, Technique, Contributors/participants

The history of MAS goes back to 1978; hardware was built beginning in 1983. MAS was delivered to the Kennedy Space Flight Center in March 1990 for integration into the ATLAS 1 payload.

The observations on board the Shuttle have been supplemented by measurements of atmospheric millimeter-wave radiation from the ground and from airplanes in conjunction with overflights by the Shuttle.

Some technical data:

Mass : 200 kg Antenna (main reflector) aperture: 1.0 m x 1.3 m

Power consumption: 406 W Dimensions (LxWxH) : 1.28 x 1.34 x 1.73 m

Data rate : 86.4 KBit/s Spectral resolution : 240 channels (12 Bit)

(200 KHz, 2 MHz, and 40 MHz)

Hardware and software contributors in addition to the PI institutes:

Dornier Satellitensysteme GmbH, (DSS), Prime contractor, Friedrichshafen, Germany

Institut für Datenverarbeitungsanlagen (IDA), der Universität Braunschweig; Germany

Physikalisches Institut der Universität; Bern; Switzerland

Pennsylvania State University (PSU); University Park; PA; USA

Physikalisch Technische Studien GmbH (PTS); Freiburg; Germany

MAS Co-Investigators (Status ATLAS 3)

DLR (NE-HF) (Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V., Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany): Schmidt, E.

ERAU, (Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Fl, USA): Olivero, J.; Stodden, C.

IAP: Amacher, W.; Feist, D.;

Institut für Geophysik und Meteorologie der Universität Köln; Germany: Ebel, A.

IUP: Dicken, H.D.; Wehr, T.; Winkler, A.; von Engeln, A (ESTEC)

MPAE: Degenhardt, W.; Hartogh, P., Jarchow, Ch.; Loidl, A.; Richards, M.; Umlauft, G.; Vasyliunas, V.; (Further co-workers: Baur, J.; Bierwirth, G.; Boogaerts, W.; Heise, Ch.)

NRL: Aellig, Ch.; Bevilacqua, R.; Daehler, M.; Pauls, T.; Waltman, B.; Kriebel, D (CPI)

NIWA (National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd. Lauder, Neuseeland): Connor, B. (until 1996 NASA Langley Research Center, USA)

NTIA/ITS (National Telecommunications and Information Administration, Institute for Telecommunication Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA: Liebe, H.J.

PSU: Croskey, C.; Walter, D.

RAL (Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK): Gibbins, C.J.

UM (Universität Mendoza / CONICET, Argentinien): Puliafito, E.

University of Arizona; Tucson; USA: Twomey, S.A.

Remark: 1998 status of international MAS (follow on) team see MAS reference [21] and http://www.mpae.gwdg.de/mpae_projects/MAS/MAS.html

Instrument description

Croskey, C.L.; et al., The millimeter-wave atmospheric sounder (MAS): a shuttle based remote sensing experiment, IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 40,1, 090-1, 100, 1992.

Abstract: The Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS) will be launched by the Space Shuttle in the spring of 1992 as part of the ATLAS 1 (Atmospheric Laboratory for Application and Science) mission. Using passive limb-scanning millimeter wave radiometry, it will sense the thermal emission produced by ozone at 184 GHz, water vapor at 183 GHz, chlorine monoxide at 204 GHz, and oxygen (for retrieval of temperature and pressure) at 60 GHz. From these observations, concentration profiles of these gases throughout the middle atmosphere will be made. This paper describes the fundamentals of the measurements, the design of the radiometers, and the approaches used for the data analysis.

Key Words: microwave, millimeter wave, emission, spectroscopy, stratosphere, mesosphere, limb scanning, atmosphere, earth, anthropogenic ozone destruction, ozone, water vapor, temperature, pressure, chlorine monoxide, heterodyne receiver, hardware, noise temperature, receiver electronics, ground support equipment, calibration, data processing, instrument, radiometry, NASA ATLAS missions, Space Shuttle, orbit, data retrieval, profile

Further information: figures: see http://www.mpae.gwdg.de/mpae_projects/MAS/MAS.html

MAS "Highlights"

The recent MAS results have been published in seven papers in the Geophysical Research letters, vol. 23, number 17, 1996 and in the Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, Sept. 12-21, 1996 D.G. Feist et al. [16].

Complementary to the absorption experiments which need the sun as the radiation source and which can only measure during daylight the emission measurements as carried out by MAS can measure also during the night.

Using the high resolution 200 KHz spectrometer channels from MAS - a factor of ten higher resolution than any other microwave spectrometer from space - it was possible for the first time to measure the day-night variations of ozone (O3) water vapor (H2O) and oxygen (O2) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere as a function of geographic latitude. For example in 55 degrees southern latitude a strong increase of the nighttime ozone - up to 8 ppmV (part per million volume mixing ratio) in 92 km altitude has been observed. As a possible mechanism the following process is considered : O + O2 + M ® O3 + M ( M: collision partner). The day-night difference allows an estimate of the daytime atomic oxygen. The evaluation of the Zeeman effect of the 9+ oxygen line - measured for the first time by MAS - might allow an estimate of the O2 density and, without inversion calculations, an estimate of the temperature of the mesosphere in about 80 km altitude.

The main goal of MAS, however was not to contribute to the basic research of the mesosphere but to investigate the anthropogenic ozone destruction in the stratosphere, especially that portion which is caused by ClO. MAS, and MLS on UARS, are the only instruments that have measured ClO from space. MAS is besides MLS on UARS the only instrument that can measure ClO from space. The comparison of ClO data from MLS and MAS showed not only the expected agreement but furthermore that MAS data played a very important role in the MLS-ClO validation procedure.

Thus the further planned - but now canceled - ATLAS missions would have provided a very flexible calibration and validation possibility between the end of the MLS ClO measurements and the new satellites planned for the next millennium.

Therefore it was decided during the last MAS science meeting in May 1997 at IAP Bern, Switzerland, that MAS should be stored further at NRL (Washington, DC) so that it might be refurbished as is for any upcoming "gap filling" NASA Space Shuttle missions, provided that the time constraints can be met. See [21].

Remark: For further more general information about the Earth’s atmosphere see [11 - 14] and chapter I.3 of this CD ROM.

MAS Data Archiving

  1. The merged MAS raw data have been archived at MPAE on CD ROM
  2. Calibrated data can be obtained from 1. by means of a program which performs a quality check
  3. Profile data have been supplied to DFD-DLR and are available from there. See http://www.dfd.de/info/AVC/MAS/
MAS-References (1981 - 1994) (Titles only)
  1. Axford, W.I.; Hartmann, G.K.; Schanda, E.; Künzi, K.: Microwave Atmospheric Sounder for earth limb observation from space. Project and program description. Dornier - IAP (Univ. Bern) - MPAE-Lindau, Mai, 1981.
  2. Hartmann, G.K.: Die Schwierigkeiten, spezielle Geräteentwicklungen für das MPAE in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland durchführen zu lassen - über die Notwendigkeit, die Zusammenarbeit zwischen unternehmerischem Mittelstand und Wissenschaft und Technik zu verbessern. MPAE-L-66-84-02, 1984.
  3. Gyger, R.; Künzi, K.F.; Hartmann, G.K.: Ozone and water vapor in the middle atmosphere. Proc. Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, Halkidiki, Greece, September 1984, S.422-427, Reidel Publishing Company, 1985.
  4. Hartmann, G.K.: Die Zukunft Europas - Ist Technologie eine Antwort oder nicht? Mikrowellen Magazin 11, 5, 450-456, 1985.
  5. Hartmann, G.K., Künzi, K.F., Schwartz, P.R.: Millimeterwellen-Atmosphären-Sondierer (MAS) für den Einsatz auf Space Shuttle (STS). Mikrowellen Magazin, vol. 11, No. 3, 254-267, 1985.
  6. Hartmann, G.K., Künzi, K.F., Schwartz, P.R.: Millimeterwellen-Atmosphären- Sondierer (MAS). Conference Proceedings, Vol. 3, 6A3, 1-16; Hrsgb. Network GmbH, Hagenburg, ISBN 0907634-90-7, 1986.
  7. Hartmann, G.K.: Erfahrungsbericht über die Zusammenarbeit mit Industrie,Administration und Forschungsinstituten im Rahmen des MAS-Projektes (1978-1986); MPAE-T-66-86-14, 1986.
  8. Schanda, E.; Künzi, K.F.; Kämpfer, N.; Hartmann, G.K.; Degenhardt, W.; Keppler, E.; Loidl, A.; Umlauft, G.; Vasyliunas, V.; Zwick, R.; Schwartz, P.R.; Bevilaqua, R.M.: Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Sounding from Space Shuttle. Acta Astronautica, vol. 13, no. 9, S. 553-563, 1986.
  9. Hartmann, G.K.: MPAE ``Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS)'' In: Atmospheric Laboratory for Application and Science (ATLAS) Mission 1. pp I-27 -- I-31. Ed. Craven, P.D. and Torr, M.R. NASA Technical Memorandum 4101; NASA Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1988.
  10. Craven, P.D.; Torr, M.R. (Hrsgb.): Atmospheric Laboratory for Application and Science (ATLAS) Mission 1. NASA Technical Memorandum 4101; NASA Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1988.
  11. Peter, R.; Künzi, K.F.; Hartmann, G.K.: Latidudinal survey of water vapor in the middle atmophere using an airborne millimeter wave sensor. Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 15, no. 11, S. 1172-1176, 1988.
  12. Hartmann, G.K. (Hrsgb.): MAS Characteristics. Doc. Nr. CH 2036 1000 MP/01, Issue B, MPAE, Jan. 1989.
  13. Hartmann, G.K.: Erfahrungen beim MAS-Projekt. Report MPAE-L-66-89-27, 1990.
  14. Hartmann, G.K.: Experiences during the MAS Projekt. Gratulationsschrift anläßlich des 60. Geburtstages von Prof. Dr. S. J. Bauer, Hrsg. R. Leitinger, H. O. Rucker, Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik der Universität Graz und Institut für Weltraumforschung der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Halbärthgasse 1, A-8010 Graz, 35-50, September 1990.
  15. Aellig, C., and N. Kämpfer: Error analysis of ClO profiles retrieved from millimeter wave limb sounding measurements, IGARSS '91, Remote Sens. Int. Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp., 2, Helsinki, Finland, 535-538, 1991.
  16. Langen, J. and K. Künzi: Millimeter wave limb sounding instruments for middle atmosphere research, IGARSS 91, Helsinki, Finland, p. 525, 1991.
  17. Hartmann, G.K.: Remote Sensing for the Observing, Perceiving, and Conserving Utilization of the Environment. Herausgeber: Universidad de Mendoza, Boulogne Sur Mer 665, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina, ISBN 950-624-030-2, 1--351, 1991.
  18. Puliafito, E., Hartmann, G.K., Degenhardt, W.: Mesospheric water vapor measurements using microwave spectroscopy at 183 GHz and 23.8/31.5 GHz. MPAE-W-66-91-02, 1991.
  19. Puliafito, E.: Comparison of Inversion Techniques for Limb Sounding Radiometric Measurements, IGARSS '91, Helsinki, Finland, 1991.
  20. Shea, CH.; MacMahan, T.: ATLAS 1: Encountering Planet Earth. Herausgegeben von M. Wigington, Essex Corporation; Payload Projects Office at NASA MSFC, Huntsville, Al., USA, 1992.
  21. Hartmann, G.K.: Internationale und interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit. MPAE-L-66-91-24, 1991. Text in Spanisch, Deutsch, Englisch in: Premio de Cooperacion Cientifica Technologica International Dr. Luis Federico Leloir. Edicion 1991. Ed. (SECYT, UM, MPAE); Universidad de Mendoza, Argentina; UM: 01-09-05-0669-0392, ISBN: 950-624-038-8, 1992.
  22. Croskey, C.L., N. Kämpfer, R.M. Bevilacqua, G.K. Hartmann, K.F. Künzi, P.R. Schwartz, J.J. Olivero, S.E. Puliafito, C. Aellig, G. Umlauft, W.B. Waltman and W. Degenhardt: The Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS): A Shuttle-Based Remote Sensing Experiment, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 40, 1090-1100, 1992.
  23. Hartmann, G.K.: Consideraciones Sobre El Proyecto M.A.S. Mision ``ATLAS-1'' De La NASA, (Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Sounder on board of the Space Shuttle), Universidad de Mendoza, Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie, UM: 02-01-06-0676-1092, Editorial IDEARIUM de la Universidad de Mendoza, Boulogne Sur Mer 665, 5500 -Mendoza - Argentina, ISBN: 950-624-04609, 1992.
  24. Hartmann, G.K.: Internationale und interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit. MPAE-L-66-91-24, 1991. Text in Spanisch, Deutsch, Englisch in: Premio de Cooperacion Cientifica Technologica International Dr. Luis Federico Leloir. Edicion 1991. Ed. (SECYT, UM, MPAE); Universidad de Mendoza, Argentina; UM: 01-09-05-0669-0392, ISBN: 950-624-038-8, 1992.
  25. Hartmann, G.K.: Betrachtungen zum Projekt MAS (Millimeterwellen Atmosphären Sondierer von Space Shuttle aus). Report MPAE-L-66-92-09, 1992.
  26. Hartmann, G.K., R.M. Bevilacqua, P.R. Schwartz, N. Kämpfer, K.F. Künzi, C. Aellig, C. Croskey, W. Degenhardt, J. Langen, A. Loidl, J.J. Olivero, T.A. Pauls, S.E. Puliafito, M. Richards, W.B. Waltman, G. Umlauft, and R. Zwick: The Millimeter-wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS): First results from ATLAS 1, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 1992.
  27. Olivero, J.J., G.K. Hartmann, R.M. Bevilacqua, S.E. Puliafito, and the ``MAS Science Team'': New observations of water vapor and ozone in the mesosphere by MAS (Millimeter-wave Atmospheric Sounder) on ATLAS 1, AGU (American Geophysical Union) Chapman Conference on the Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere, Asilomar, CA, 1992.
  28. Aellig, C.P., N. Kämpfer, and R.M. Bevilacqua: Error Analysis of ClO, O3, and H2O Abundance Profiles Retrieved from Millimeter Wave Limb Sounding Measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2975-2983, 1993.
  29. Hartmann, G.K.: MAS - Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Sounder, 1. Progress Report: Part 1. MPAE-W-93-04, 1993.
  30. Hartmann, G.K.: MAS on ATLAS: An experience of ``The in between'' economy and ecology. MPAE-L-66-93-08, 1993.
  31. Hartmann, G.K.: Information and filtering: Between preliminary certainty and determinable uncertainty. MPAE-L-66-93-09, 1993.
  32. Hartmann, G.K.: The Determination of Tropospheric Conditions (especially H2O) Affecting the Accuracy of Position Measurements. Geophysical Monograph 73, IUGG Volume 13, 73-82, 1993.
  33. Langen, J., J. Urban, K. Künzi, G.K. Hartmann, W. Degenhardt, P. Hartogh, A. Loidl, M. Richards, G. Umlauft, R. Zwick, P. Schwartz, R.M. Bevilacqua, T. Pauls, W. Waltman, J.J. Olivero, C. Croskey, N. Kämpfer, C. Aellig and S.E. Puliafito: Hydrostatic pressure in the stratosphere retrieved from millimeter wave atmospheric sounder (MAS) oxygen spectra, Annales Geophysicae Supplement III to Vol. 11, p. C409, 1993.
  34. NASA (ed.): ATLAS (Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science). NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Payload Projects Office, Huntsville, Alabama, USA, 1993.
  35. Olivero, J.J., C. Croskey, R. Bevilacqua, D. Goldizen, G.K. Hartmann, G. Umlauft, M. Richards, A. Loidl, R. Zwick, P. Schwartz, T. Pauls, W. Waltman, N. Kämpfer, C. Aellig, K. Künzi, J. Langen, and E. Puliafito: Ozone, water vapor, and chlorine monoxide measurements from MAS (mm-wave Atmospheric Sounder) on the ATLAS 1 Spacelab mission, American Geophysical Union, Spring Meeting, Baltimore, MD, 1993.
  36. Puliafito, E., R. Bevilacqua, J.J. Olivero, and W. Degenhardt: Error analysis applied to several inversion techniques used for the retrieval of middle atmosphere constituents from limb-scanning mm-wave spectroscopic measurements, IGARSS (International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium), Houston, TX, 1992. Submitted to J. Geophys. Res., Feb. 1993.
  37. Hartmann, G.K., Bevilacqua,R.: MAS - ATLAS facts. Report MPAE-W-66-94-24, 1994.
  38. Hartmann, G.K., W. Degenhardt, R. Zwick, H.J. Liebe, G.A. Hufford, M.G. Cotton: Zeeman Splitting of the 61 GHz (9+) O2 Linie in the Upper Atmosphere Measured by MAS. IEEE 0-7803-1497-2/94, 1338-1340, 1994.
MAS-References (since 1995) (Titles, abstract, keywords)
  1. Hartogh, P. and C. Jarchow: Groundbased detection of middle atmospheric water vapor. EUROPTO Series: Global Process Monitoring and Remote Sensing of Ocean and Sea Ice, SPIE 2586, 188-195, 1995.

    2. Abstract. Groundbased microwave measurements are well suited for the intercomparison and validation of satellite data. A microwave heterodyne spectrometer, which can be used or this purpose has been developed at our institute. It measures the 22.235 GHz water vapor spectral emission and supplies water vapor profiles in the altitude range from 35 to 85 km with a resolution of one day. The instrument, consisting of a cooled heterodyne receiver frontend and a Chirp Transform Spectrometer (CTS) backend will be described and water vapor profiles will be presented.

    Keywords: water vapor, middle atmosphere, groundbased microwave spectroscopy, Chirp Transform Spectrometer, heterodyne, thermal emission, radiometry,

  2. Hartogh, P. and C. Jarchow: Groundbased Microwave Detection of Middle Atmospheric Ozone. EUROPTO Series: Global Process Monitoring and Remote Sensing of Ocean and Sea Ice, SPIE 2586, 206-214, 1995.

    3. Abstract. A groundbased microwave heterodyne spectrometer for the monitoring of the vertical distribution of middle atmospheric ozone has been developed at our institute. It supplies data since end of 1992. Because standalone operation has been planned, one important design goal of the instrument was to achieve a high degree of automation. In this paper an overview of the instrument is given and some of the long term data are presented.

    Keywords: ozone, groundbased microwave spectroscopy, remote sensing, middle atmosphere, monotoring, Chirp Transform Spectrometer, heterodyne, thermal emission, radiometry, operational,

  3. Jarchow, J. and P. Hartogh: Retrieval of data from ground-based microwave sensing of the middle atmosphere: Comparison of two inversion techniques. EUROPTO Series: Global Process Monitoring and Remote Sensing of Ocean and Sea Ice, SPIE 2586, 196-205, 1995.

    4. Abstract. In microwave remote sensing of atmospheric trace gases a retrieval technique described by C. D. Rodgers as optimal estimation has widely been adopted during the last years. We found out some difficulties in applying this method to the analysis of long term groundbased observations due to the large variability of the tropospheric transmission. The corresponding changes of the data quality and the weight of the apriori profile in the inversion algorithm can lead to an artificial correlation between the retrieved profiles and the transmission. In addition an assessment of the inversion only from the error bars of the profile is impossible since they don’t respond linearly to the errors of the spectra. It is shown, that an inversion algorithm according to Backus-Gilbert’s philosophy will avoid these difficulties.

    Keywords: groundbased microwave spectroscopy, remote sensing, retrieval techniques, long term observation, Rodgers optimal estimation, Backus-Gilbert approach, error analysis,

  4. Wehr, T., S. Crewell, K. Künzi, J. Langen, H. Nett, J. Urban, and P. Hartogh: Remote sensing of ClO and HCl over northern Scandinavia in winter 1992 with an airborne submillimeter radiometer. J. Geophys. Res. 100, no. D10,20.957-20.968, 1995.

    5. Abstract. In February and March 1992 stratospheric ClO and HCl over northern Scandinavia were observed with the submillimeter-wave atmospheric sounder (SUMAS), as part to the European Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Experiment (EASOE). SUMAS is operated on board the German research aircraft Falcon and observes thermal emission lines in the frequency range 620-650 GHz. In this paper the instrument design and techniques to retrieve volume mixing ratios (VMR) from the measurement will be discussed. Results from the EASOE campaign will be presented including a detailed error analysis. A comparison of the retrieved profiles in the lower stratosphere indicates a strong decrease of ClO abundances from February to March, whereas no corresponding increase in HCl is observed.

    Keywords: stratosphere, ClO, HCl, Scandinavia, SUMAS, EASOE, aircraft, thermal, emission, error analysis, measuring campaign,

  5. Aellig, C.P., J. Bacmeister, R.M. Bevilacqua, M. Daehler, D. Kriebel, T. Pauls, D. Siskind, N. Kämpfer, J. Langen, G. Hartmann, A. Berg, J.H. Park, and J.M. Russell: Space-borne H2O observations in the Arctic stratosphere and mesosphere in the Spring of 1992. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, no 17, 2325-2328 (1996).

    6. Abstract. We report on stratospheric and mesospheric water vapor (H2O) observations obtained by the Millimeter wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS) in the Arctic spring of 1992. In the lower stratosphere, the observation show enhanced H2O inside the vortex between 450 K and 625 K, in agreement with other H2O observations. In the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere, at potential temperatures between 1850 K and 2200 K, we find regions of depressed H2O volume mixing ratio coincident with remnants of high potential vorticity. The depressed mesospheric H2O, as well as the enhanced lower stratospheric H2O, are consistent with wintertime descent. It also suggest effective containment of air up into the lower mesosphere.

    Keywords: microwave, millimeter wave, emission, spectroscopy, stratosphere, mesosphere, limb scanning, atmosphere, earth, anthropogenic ozone destruction, ozone, water vapor, temperature, pressure, chlorine monoxide, instrument, radiometry, NASA ATLAS missions, Space Shuttle, orbit, data retrieval, profile,

  6. Bevilacqua, R.M., D.L. Kriebel, T.A. Pauls, C.P. Aellig, D.E. Siskind, M. Daehler, J.J. Olivero, S.E. Puliafito, G.K. Hartmann, N. Kaempfer, A. Berg, and C.L. Croskey: MAS Measurements of the Latitudinal Distribution of Water Vapor and Ozone in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, no 17, 2317-2320 (1996).

    7. Abstract. We present measurements of the latitudinal variation of nighttime O3 and H2O in the mesosphere obtained with the Millimeter-wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS) instrument during the ATLAS 2 mission (8-15 April 1993). These are the first such measurements that have ever been reported. They indicate an O3 mixing ratio minimum at mid-latitudes in the upper mesosphere, with maxima in the tropics and at high latitudes. The H2O retrievals indicate H2O mixing ratios decreasing toward the poles in both hemispheres in the upper mesosphere. We also present measurements of the diurnal variation of O3 at southern mid-latitudes, at higher vertical resolution than has ever been reported previously. The results are generally consistent with previous measurements and modeling studies.

    Keywords: microwave, millimeter wave, emission, spectroscopy, stratosphere, mesosphere, limb scanning, atmosphere, earth, anthropogenic ozone destruction, ozone, water vapor, temperature, pressure, chlorine monoxide, radiometry, NASA ATLAS missions, Space Shuttle, orbit, data retrieval, profile, latitudinal, thermosphere, diurnal,

  7. Hartmann, G.K., R.M. Bevilacqua, P.R. Schwartz, N. Kaempfer, K.F. Kuenzi, C.P. Aellig, A. Berg, W. Boogaerts, B.J. Connor, C.L. Croskey, M. Daehler, W. Degenhardt, H.D. Dicken, D. Goldizen, D. Kriebel, J. Langen, A. Loidl, J.J. Olivero, T.A. Pauls, S.E. Puliafito, M.L. Richards, C. Rudin, J.J. Tsou, W.B. Waltman, G. Umlauft, and R. Zwick: Measurements of O3, H2O and ClO in the Middle Atmosphere using the Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS). Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, no 17, 2313-2316 (1996).

    8. Abstract. The Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS) is a shuttle-based limb-sounding instrument designed for global spectroscopic studies of O3, and constituents important in O3 photochemistry, in the middle atmosphere. It is part of the NASA’s Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) spacelab shuttle mission. This paper presents an overview of the instrument, operation, and data analysis. In addition, as an example of the results, we present zonal average retrievals for O3, H2O, and ClO obtained in ATLAS 1. The MAS O3 and H2O measurements are shown to agree well with simultaneous observations made with the UARS MLS instrument.

    Keywords: microwave, millimeter wave, emission, spectroscopy, stratosphere, mesosphere, limb scanning, atmosphere, earth, anthropogenic ozone destruction, ozone, water vapor, temperature, pressure, chlorine monoxide, radiometry, NASA ATLAS missions, Space Shuttle, orbit, data retrieval, profile, O3, H2O, ClO, UARS, MLS,

  8. Hartmann, G.K., W. Degenhardt, M.L. Richards, H.J. Liebe, G.A. Hufford, M.G. Cotton, R.M. Bevilacqua, J.J. Olivero, N. Kämpfer, and J. Langen: Zeeman splitting of the 61 Gigahertz Oxygen (O2) line in the mesosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, no 17, 2329-2332 (1996)

    9. Abstract. Zeeman splitting of O2 molecular states in the Earth’s upper atmosphere leads to polarized emission spectra. A 61 GHz radiometer operated as part of the Millimeter-wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS), a core payload instrument of the NASA Space Shuttle ATLAS missions, observed such emissions. This instrument’s high resolution spectrometer (200 kHz) allows us to verify for the first time Zeeman-effect model calculations for the upper atmosphere in some details. The results suggest some interesting new aspects for the research of the upper atmosphere.

    Keywords: microwave, millimeter wave, emission, stratosphere, mesosphere, limb scanning, atmosphere, earth, anthropogenic ozone destruction, ozone, water vapor, temperature, pressure, chlorine monoxide, radiometry, NASA ATLAS missions, Space Shuttle, orbit, data retrieval, profile, polarization, Zeeman-effect, high resolution spectroscopy mesosphere, model calculations,

  9. Olivero; J.J., T.A. Pauls, R.M. Bevilacqua, D. Kriebel, M. Daehler, M.L. Richards, N. Kämpfer, A. Berg, and C. Stodden: Distinctive ozone structure in the high-latitude stratosphere: Measurements by the millimeter-wave atmospheric sounder (Paper 96GL01044)2309.

    10. Abstract. MAS (Millimeter-wave Atmospheric Sounder) observations from the shuttle ATLAS spacelab pallet have revealed some little known (and unexplained) structure in stratospheric ozone mixing ratio profiles at sub-polar latitudes, of both hemispheres. Qualitatively similar features related feature has been observed by ground-based remote sensing from the South Pole over an extended season. In all these cases, it seems likely that active photochemistry and highly structured horizontal and vertical transport play important roles. Some evidence of a similar feature is also present in a current 2-D photochemical model. This high latitude phenomenon is both an intriguing challenge for current 3-D models and potentially useful test for validating remote sensing experiments.

    Keywords: microwave, millimeter wave, emission, spectroscopy, stratosphere, limb scanning, atmosphere, earth, anthropogenic ozone destruction, ozone, radiometry, NASA ATLAS missions, Space Shuttle, orbit, data retrieval, profile, ozone structures, high latitude, stratosphere, photochemistry, 2-D photochemical model, ground based measurements, transport, vertical, horizontal,

  10. Kriebel, D.L., R.M. Bevilacqua, E. Hilsenrath, M. Gunson, G.K. Hartmann, M. Abrams, M. Daehler, T.A. Pauls, M. Newchurch, C.P. Aellig, and M.C. Bories: A Comparison of Ozone Measurements Made by the ATMOS, MAS, and SSBUV Instruments During ATLAS-1, 2, and 3. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, no 17, 2301-2304 (1996).

    11. Abstract. Ozone profile measurements were made by three instruments, ATMOS, MAS, and SSBUV, using distinctly different observing techniques, as part of the ATLAS Space Shuttle missions in March 1992, April 1993, and November 1994. ATMOS makes solar-occultation observations of infrared spectra using a Fourier transform interferometer. MAS uses a limb-scanning antenna to measure emission spectra at millimeter wavelengths. SSBUV is a nadir-viewing instrument measuring the transmission of scattered solar ultraviolet radiation modified by ozone absorption. A sample of zonal-mean mixing ratio profiles indicates that these three ATLAS instruments generally to within 10%, although a few potential biases have been noted. There are significant differences in the character of the agreement between ATLAS 1 and ATLAS 2 which will require further study.

    Keywords: microwave, millimeter wave, emission, spectroscopy, stratosphere, mesosphere, limb scanning, atmosphere, earth, anthropogenic ozone destruction, ozone, radiometry, NASA ATLAS missions, Space Shuttle, orbit, data retrieval, profile, ATMOS, MAS, SSBUV, comparison, accuracy, agreement,

  11. Dieminger, W., G.K. Hartmann, and R. Leitinger (Eds.): The Upper Atmosphere: Data Analysis and Interpretation. Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-57562-6 (1996).

    12. Abstract: This book serves as a multidisciplinary guide and introduction for a more effective use of the large amount of the now available data from the Earth Atmosphere. It also shows the problems of the use of large amounts of time series data - for basic science as well as for environmental monitoring - and the related information systems.

    Keywords: data, Earth, atmosphere, guide, introduction, book, time series, environmental monitoring, information systems, analysis, interpretation,

  12. Dieminger, W. and G.K. Hartmann: Introduction to the Earth's Atmosphere. In: The Upper Atmosphere: Data Analysis and Interpretation, Eds. W. Dieminger, G.K. Hartmann and R. Leitinger, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-57562-6, 3-18 (1996).

    13. Abstract: After a general introduction, the nomenclature used in atmospheric science is presented as well as the structure and composition of the earth atmosphere, furthermore the coordinate systems in use, the main fields of atmospheric science, the radiation balance of the earth and its atmosphere. Finally data aspects are given for data presentation, data ordering, the use of data for monitoring the environment, and environmental monitoring as a policy instrument.

    Keywords: data, Earth Atmosphere, guide, introduction, book, time series, environmental monitoring, information systems, analysis, interpretation, structure, composition, coordinate systems, magnetic field, data presentation,

    Further information: This is an article in the referenced book[11], no abstract or keywords in the book, copyrighted.

  13. Hartmann, G.K., J.J. Olivero and G. Haaf: H_2O in the Atmosphere. In: The Upper Atmosphere: Data Analysis and Interpretation, Eds. W. Dieminger, G.K. Hartmann and R. Leitinger, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-57562-6, 127-152 (1996).

    14. Abstract: Water is the only substance that occurs in all three phases - gas, liquid, solid in the atmosphere. These three phases - water vapor, liquid water, and ice - and the spectral properties and anomalies are discussed in more detail, furthermore the role of water in aqueous, homogeneous and heterogeneous chemistry. The occurrence and distribution of water in the middle atmosphere is discussed as well as the transport of H2O from troposphere to stratosphere and the photochemistry, furthermore aerosol phenomena and clouds, extraterrestrial sources of water, unorthodox water research issues, polywater, influx of ice comets, water dimers in the atmosphere and anomalous absorption.

    Keywords: photochemistry, water cycles, review troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, water, H2O, ice, liquid, gaseous, water vapor, anomalies, extraterrestrial influx, homogeneous heterogeneous, chemistry, dimer, cluster, geospheres, hiosphere, spectral properties, transport, clouds, aerosol,

    Further information: Review article in the referenced book [11], no abstract or keywords in the book, copyrighted.

  14. Hartmann, G.K.: Investigation Methods of the Upper Atmosphere. In: The Upper Atmosphere: Data Analysis and Interpretation, Eds. W. Dieminger, G.K. Hartmann and R. Leitinger, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-57562-6, 203-206 (1996).

    15. Abstract: We have to distinguish the following two measuring methods 1. In situ methods - physical chemical and biological methods. 2. Remote sensing methods using acoustic waves, electromagnetic waves, particle waves, interaction effects of the waves with matter, passive remote sensing using natural radiation sources, and active remote sensing using man made radiation sources. Furthermore spatial and temporal aspects must be considered as well as monitoring, prediction, forecast and environmental early warning needs.

    Keywords: In-situ, remote sensing, active, passive, particles, waves radiation, spatial, temporal, measurements, methods, acoustic, electromagnetic,

  15. Hartmann, G.K.: Data Growth Rate Problems and Problems with Long-term Data. In: The Upper Atmosphere: Data Analysis and Interpretation, Eds. W. Dieminger, G.K. Hartmann and R. Leitinger, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-57562-6, 956-994 (1996).

    16. Abstract: As an unspecialized curiosity being man needs information for his survival. This is especially true for the biosphere and the three geospheres, atmosphere, hydrosphere/cryosphere, and lithosphere/pedosphere.

    The data growth rate problem for data from the Earth’s atmosphere is described and compared with the biological aspects of human information/data processing. Types and problems of atmospheric data are discussed as well as the many definitions for information, the different possibilities of information ordering, and important aspects of data evaluation i.e., calibration, verification, validation, and value added validation. Then various possibilities of data representations are discussed and the fact that we have to live with an unavoidable range of uncertainty in our measured data. This is because we have finite "observing windows". The smaller the "window", the larger the uncertainty range. Finally the quantitative and qualitative aspects of risk assessments are presented. In other words, not only the (quantitative) question: what can be measured and/or what must be measured? - for a better calculation of the risk occurrence probability - plays an important role for atmospheric research but also the (qualitative) task, the determination of the risk acceptance levels in the relevant national states or societies. This implies a qualified (user friendly) selection (filtering after verification and validation) from the quantitative data. Especially remote sensing data must undergo a very thoroughful validation procedure. The larger the amounts of data and their growth rates, the more scientists - even more so non-experts - need the (effective) support of user friendly data centers.

    Keywords: data, growth rate problems, long term data, review, geospheres, biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere/pedosphere, calibration, verification, validation, copyright, data protection, data ordering, uncertainty, risk assessment, data sources, information systems, quality, quantity,

    Further information: This is an article in the referenced book[11], no abstract or keywords in the book, copyrighted.

  16. Feist, D.G., C.P. Aellig, N. Kämpfer, R. Peter, P.M. Solomon, J.W. Barrett, S. Zoonematkermani, A. Parrish, P. Hartogh, C. Jarchow, R.M. Bevilacqua, and G.K. Hartmann: Comparison of MAS stratospheric ClO measurements with spaceborne, airborne, and ground-based experiments. Proc. of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, September 12-21, 1996, L'Aquila, Italy, (1997).

    17. Abstract. In 1992, 1993, and 1994 the Millimeter-wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS) measured daytime profiles of stratospheric chlorine monoxide (ClO) at 204 GHz from the Space Shuttle. We compared these results to correlative ClO measurements by an airborne 649 GHz radiometer, a ground--based 278 GHz instrument on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, and the new Version 4 ClO profiles by MLS on UARS. The agreement between MAS and all the other instruments was well within the combined error bars. At low altitudes, MAS and MLS showed systematic differences in the order of 0.1 ppbv which could be explained with a low bias in the MLS ClO profiles that already existed in MLS Version 3. Larger discrepancies of up to 0.3 ppbv near the volume mixing ratio peak between MAS and MLS Version 3 were not evident in the comparisons with MLS Version 4.

    Keywords: microwave, millimeter wave, emission, spectroscopy, stratosphere, mesosphere, limb scanning, atmosphere, earth, anthropogenic ozone destruction, chlorine monoxide, radiometry, NASA ATLAS missions, Space Shuttle, orbit, data retrieval, profile, comparison, ground based, MAS, MLS, UARS, accuracy, airborne, discrepancies,

  17. Hartmann, G.K., W. Degenhardt, P. Hartogh, C. Jarchow, M.L. Richards, and Song Li: H2O in the Earth's atmosphere. Kleinheubacher Berichte, 41, in press, 1997.

    18. Abstract. Water is the only substance that occurs in all three phases, gaseous, fluid and solid - monomer and polymer (cluster) - in the Earth's atmosphere. The spatial and temporal distribution of H2O is not only very important for the climate, weather, biosphere and atmospheric chemistry - homogeneous and heterogeneous - but also for the propagation of electromagnetic waves through the atmosphere. The climate of the Earth has never been static. It is very much different now from what it was during cretaceous when dinosaurs dominated the life of Earth. Since climate is the sum of all weather over longer periods of time we must ask ourselves how much climate, like weather, is predictable. Water vapor in the atmosphere can be measured using microwave techniques, such as those used in experiments made by the MPAE. The major questions are now: 1. How much extraterrestrial water exists in the atmosphere? 2. How variable is the total hydrogen budget over a longer time period? 3. Is the polar mesosphere an early warning system for global change? 4. Can the strength of El Niñ o better estimated using microwave measurements in the equatorial tropopause?

    Keywords: water, H2O, ice, water vapor, liquid water, climate, weather electromagnetic waves, wave propagation, transport, spatial, temporal, chemistry, measurements, microwave spectroscopy, troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, El Niñ o, tropopause, equator, prediction, coupling, early warning, MAS, GRAS, noctilucent clouds, clouds, polar stratospheric clouds,

  18. Cotton, M.G., M. Richards, W. Degenhardt, and G.K. Hartmann: Millimeter-wave transmission and emission characteristics of the clear neutral atmosphere: Propagation modeling VS. measured atmospheric data. Radio Science, submitted, 1997.

    19. Abstract. Complex refractivity N serves as the key element to describe radiowave interaction with the atmosphere. Modelling efforts previously conducted at the Millimeter-wave Lab at ITS is summarized to express the individual refractivity terma due to dry air and water vapor molecules in the homogeneous atmosphere. Next, the inhomogeneous atmosphere up to 130 km is embodied in a spherically stratified (onion-shell) geometry and radio path characteristics (attenuation, noise emission) are computed by means of numerical integration. The geomagnetic field and low pressures of the middle atmosphere influence the paramagnetic properties of the O2 molecule to display a Zeeman-splitting of the resonance lines. Mathematical expressions for the resulting anisotropic refractivity are compiled into a prediction scheme named Zeeman Propagation Model (ZPM). The Millimeter-wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS), on board NASA’s shuttle mission ATLAS 3 (October 1994), measured emission signatures of limb path scans for an oxygen line centered at 60.15 GHz. The data reflects the Zeeman-splitting traits of the oxygen molecule; comparative ZPM calculations are presented with the data to demonstrate the accuracy of the model.

    Keywords: Zeeman Propagation Model (ZPM), Millimeter-wave Propagation Model (MPM); isotropic/anisotropic complex refractivity; oxygen and water vapor absorption lines; geomagnetic field; Zeeman-effect; line profile; blackbody radiation; millimeter atmospheric sounder (MAS); limb scan,

  19. Aellig, C.P., N. Kämpfer, C. Rudin, R.M. Bevilacqua, W. Degenhardt, P. Hartogh, C. Jarchow, K. Kuenzi, J.J. Olivero, C. Croskey, J.W. Waters, and H.A. Michelsen: Latitudinal Distribution of Upper Stratospheric ClO as Derived From Space Borne Microwave Spectroscopy. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, no 17, 2321-2324 (1996).

    20. Abstract. Latitudinal distributions of upper stratospheric ClO measured by MAS during the three ATLAS missions are presented to northern hemisphere (NH) spring equinox in 1992, southern hemisphere (SH) early fall in 1993, and NH fall in 1994. The MAS ClO results are shown along with correlative MLS observation. The results of both instruments consistently show the same latitudinal features. The ClO maximum in the NH spring occurs at mid latitudes, whereas the latitudinal ClO maximum in both the NH and SH fall occurs at high latitudes. The volume mixing ratio maxima were significantly higher in the fall (0.7-0.8 ppbv) than in spring (0.5-0.6 ppbv. Qualitatively, these results are consistent with calculations of several 2-D models.

    Keywords: microwave, millimeter wave, emission, spectroscopy, stratosphere, mesosphere, limb scanning, atmosphere, earth, anthropogenic ozone destruction, ozone, water vapor, temperature, pressure, chlorine monoxide, radiometry, NASA ATLAS missions, Space Shuttle, orbit, data retrieval, profile,

  20. Song, L., C. Jarchow, P. Hartogh, and G.K. Hartmann: Limb Sounding of Water Vapor and Liquid Water down to the Troposphere. Proc. of the 6th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Microwave Technology, ISBN 7-5053-4126-X/TN.1070, 580-583, 1997.

    21. Keywords: microwave, millimeter wave, emission, spectroscopy, stratosphere, mesosphere, limb scanning, atmosphere, earth, anthropogenic ozone destruction, ozone, water vapor, temperature, pressure, chlorine monoxide, heterodyne receiver, hardware, noise temperature, receiver electronics, ground support equipment, calibration, data processing, instrument, radiometry, NASA ATLAS missions, Space Shuttle, orbit, data retrieval, profile,

  21. Hartmann, G.K., M.L. Richards, W. Degenhardt, Ch. Jarchow, Song-Li, P. Hartogh, G. Umlauft, W. Boogaerts, M. Schmid: Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS) Follow-on, MPAE-T-015-97-23; MAS-TRE-DSS-001/97, 1997.
Keywords: microwave, millimeter wave, emission, spectroscopy, stratosphere, mesosphere, limb scanning, atmosphere, earth, anthropogenic ozone destruction, ozone, water vapor, temperature, pressure, chlorine monoxide, heterodyne receiver, hardware, noise temperature, receiver electronics, ground support equipment, calibration, data processing, instrument, follow-on, troposphere, liquid water, radiometry, NASA ATLAS missions, Space Shuttle, orbit, data retrieval, profile, upgrade, EXPRESS Pallet, International Space Station, MAS Acknowledgement

The MAS science team wishes to thank NASA, ONR, the German BMBF and DARA (DLR), the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the institutes of the PI s: MPAE, NRL, IAP, and IUP/IFE for the generous support.